Combined Effect of Drugs: Synergism, Antagonism, etc.
Summation
Two drugs produce same response with different mechanisms.
Combined effect is algebraic sum of individual effects.
e.g. aspirin + Codeine for analgesic action.
Additive effect
Two drugs produce same response with same mechanism.
Combined effect is algebraic sum of individual effects.
e.g. paracetamol + ibuprofen for analgesic action.
Synergism
Combined effect is more than algebraic sum of individual effects.
Sequential Block
Both drugs inhibit different steps of the same biochemical pathway.
e.g. Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim combination to inhibit folic acid synthesis:
Sulfamethoxazole inhibits folate synthase.
Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
Individually these drugs are bacteriostatic but the combination is bactericidal.
One Drug Alters the Pharmacokinetics of the Other Drug
e.g. levodopa + carbidopa for Parkinsonism:
Levodopa alone is degraded in periphery → no or very less action.
Levodopa + carbidopa → carbidopa prevents peripheral degradation of levodopa → more levodopa enters CNS → better antiparkinsonian action.
Drug Antagonism
One substance decreases effect of the other substance.
Usually in such cases, only one is an actual drug. The other is usually endogenous molecule or sometimes poison whose activity we want to decrease.
Chemical Antagonism
One is simply a chemical antidote of the other i.e. they neutralize each other even without involvement of any living thing from our body.
e.g.
Gastric acid + Antacids: Antacids like aluminum hydroxide neutralize gastric acid.
Heavy metals + chelating agents: chelating agents like BAL and calcium sodium edetate form inactive insoluble complexes with heavy metals like arsenic or lead → prevents the effects of heavy metals
Heparin + protamine: Highly positively charged protamine neutralizes strongly negative heparin
Physiological or Functional Antagonism
Both drug act by different receptors or different mechanisms.
Produce opposite effects on same physiological parameter.
Example 1. Adrenaline + histamine on bronchial muscles:
Histamine → histamine receptors → Broncho-constriction.
Adrenaline → adrenergic receptors → Broncho-dilatation.
Example 2. Glucagon + Insulin on blood sugar:
Glucagon → glucagon receptors → increase blood sugar level.
Insulin → insulin receptors → decrease blood sugar level.
Pharmacological Antagonism or Receptor Antagonism
Competitive Antagonism
Both drugs compete with each other for same site on receptor.
Reversible or Equilibrium Type
Antagonist makes a weak bond → binding of antagonist is reversible → by increasing concentration of agonist → antagonists can be displaced → maximum response can be achieved.
E.g. atropine is reversible competitive antagonist of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors.
Irreversible or Non-equilibrium Type
Antagonist binds with strong covenant bond → binding is irreversible → if agonist concentration is increased → effect of antagonist cannot be overcome → maximum response cannot be achieved.
E.g. dibenamine is irreversible competitive antagonist of norepinephrine on α1 receptors.
Pseudo-reversible antagonism
Its a type of irreversible antagonism seen if spare receptors are present.
For certain physiological responses, occupying some receptors it's enough to achieve maximum response. So we have spare receptors.
At low antagonist concentration → fewer receptors are occupied by antagonists → increasing agonist concertation can achieve maximum response by using spare receptors → its like reversible inhibition → but if we increase antagonist concentration also, more or all the receptors are occupied by antagonist → spare receptors are also blocked → increasing agonist concentration cannot overcome antagonist's effect → irreversible antagonism.
e.g. phenoxybenzamine is pseudo-reversible antagonist of α1 receptor
Non-Competitive Antagonism
The antagonist does not compete for the binding site for agonist.
By binding at allosteric site:
Allosteric site is a site different from that where agonist binds.
Binding of antagonist at allosteric site → prevents receptor activation by agonist
Through interfering downstream events:
e.g. norepinephrine → α1 receptor →→→ opening of Ca channels → entry of Ca → vasoconstriction. Here verapamil blocks Ca channel and prevent the effect of noradrenaline. So verapamil can be said to be non-competitive antagonist.